Nitric oxide as an all-rounder for enhanced photodynamic therapy: Hypoxia relief, glutathione depletion and reactive nitrogen species generation

A glutathione (GSH)-sensitive supramolecular nitric oxide (NO) nanogenerator is developed as an all-rounder for enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT). By integrating GSH-sensitive NO prodrug into the system via LEGO-like host-guest interaction, the nanocarrier could not only deplete intracellular GSH, but also relieve hypoxia at tumor sites through NO mediated blood vessel relaxation. Furthermore, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) with enhanced biocidal activity could be produced by the reaction between NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated from α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) conjugated S-nitrosothiol and light-activated chlorin e6 (Ce6) respectively. Due to multiple combined effects between NO and PDT, the NO acts as the loaded gunpowder inside a 'grenade', 'explosively' amplifying the therapeutic effects that the light responsive 'fuse' Ce6 could exert. The present work may well serve as an inspiration for future creative approaches of photodynamic cancer therapy.