SiNiSan ameliorates depression-like behavior in rats by enhancing synaptic plasticity via the CaSR-PKC-ERK signaling pathway

Adverse stress in early life negatively influences psychiatric health by increasing the risk of developing depression and suicide in adulthood. Clinical antidepressants, such as fluoxetine, exhibit unsatisfactory results due to their low efficacy or intolerable side effects. SiNiSan (SNS), a traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been proven to have affirmatory antidepressive effects. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact and molecular mechanism of SNS treatment in rats exposed to neonatal maternal separation (MS)-combined young–adult chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Seventy-two neonatal male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups of 12 rats each: control + ddH2O, model + ddH2O, positive (fluoxetine: 5 mg/kg), SNS-low dose (2.5 g/kg), SNS-medium dose (5 g/kg), and SNS-high dose (10 g/kg). Behavioral tests included sucrose preference test, open-field test, and forced swimming test. Calcium sensitive receptor (CaSR), protein kinase C (PKC), ERK1/2, and synapse-associated proteins (PSD-95, GAP-43, and synaptophysin [Syn]) in the hippocampus (HIP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) were assayed using Western blot. CaSR and Syn protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry. MS-combined CUMS rats exhibited depression-like behavior. SNS exerted antidepressant effects on stress-induced depression-like behavior. The levels of CaSR, PKC, and p-ERK1/2 in the HIP and PFC decreased in stressed rats. SNS treatment significantly upregulated the expression of CaSR, PKC, and p-ERK1/2 in the HIP and PFC of adult stressed rats. MS-combined CUMS could develop depression-like behavior in adult. SNS exhibited antidepressive effects accompanied by improving synaptic plasticity by activation of the CaSR-PKC-ERK signaling pathway.