Phosphorus modification-induced dense crystalline-amorphous heterostructured P-Sn6O4(OH)4@RGO for high-rate and ultra-stable lithium storage

The large volume expansion and rapid capacity attenuation of tin-based electrodes are the main factors limiting their commercial application. The reasonable design of electrode material structure is particularly important for improving its electrochemical performance. Herein, phosphorus-modified graphene encapsulated Sn 6 O 4 (OH) 4 nanoparticles composite (P-Sn 6 O 4 (OH) 4 @RGO) with crystalline-amorphous heterostructure has been successfully designed and prepared. The design of crystalline-amorphous structure has largely enhanced the active sites, and the construction of a graphene encapsulation structure has greatly alleviated volume expansion. Notably, P-Sn 6 O 4 (OH) 4 @RGO obtained an excellent high-rate long-term cycling performance for lithium-ion batteries anode, reaching a high specific capacity of 970 mAh/g at 1.0 A/g after 1450 cycles. This work demonstrates that restructuring the electrode material's structure and phase through phosphorus modification can effectively improve the electrochemical performance of tin-based electrode materials. P-Sn 6 O 4 (OH) 4 @RGO with crystalline-amorphous heterostructure has been successfully designed and prepared through phosphorus-modification. The synergistic effect of crystalline-amorphous and graphene encapsulation structure effectively relieves the huge volume expansion and promotes reaction kinetics, and then achieves super lithium storage properties