Difference in muscle metabolism caused by metabolism disorder of rainbow trout liver exposed to ammonia stress

Ammonia pollution is an important environmental stress factors in water eutrophication. The intrinsic effects of ammonia stress on liver toxicity and muscle quality of rainbow trout were still unclear. In this study, we focused on investigating difference in muscle metabolism caused by metabolism disorder of rainbow trout liver at exposure times of 0, 3, 6, 9 h at 30 mg/L concentrations. Liver transcriptomic analysis revealed that short-term (3 h) ammonia stress inhibited carbohydrate metabolism and glycerophospholipid production but long-term (9 h) ammonia stress inhibited the biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids, activated pyrimidine metabolism and mismatch repair, lead to DNA strand breakage and cell death, and ultimately caused liver damage. Metabolomic analysis of muscle revealed that ammonia stress promoted the reaction of glutamic acid and ammonia to synthesize glutamine to alleviate ammonia toxicity, and long-term (9 h) ammonia stress inhibited urea cycle, hindering the alleviation of ammonia toxicity. Moreover, it accelerated the consumption of flavor amino acids such as arginine and aspartic acid, and increased the accumulation of bitter substances (xanthine) and odorous substances (histamine). These findings provide valuable insights into the potential risks and hazards of ammonia in eutrophic water bodies subject to rainbow trout.