Parkinson's Disease: Current Treatment Modalities and Emerging Therapies

Herein, we review the literature on Parkinson's disease (PD) management and summarize the progress in medical, surgical, and assisted therapeutic modalities for motor and non-motor symptoms. A thorough search strategy was implemented to retrieve all relevant articles and identify the best evidence from different databases including Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Evidence-Based Medicine reviews from the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. Multiple terms, such as Parkinson, tremor, predominant, Parkinson management, deep brain stimulation, LCIG, ablative surgery for PD, medical management of PD, and assistive devices for PD, were used for screening. A total of 160 articles were gathered; irrelevant papers and older articles were excluded. After initial exclusion, we had 140 articles to review from 1980 to 2022. Five articles were found to be duplicated, and another five articles were excluded as they did not have additional information on management that could be used in this research paper. We found that management options and assistive devices for PD are improving, with new therapeutic options emerging every year. Medical therapy is the most common therapy as it corrects dopamine deficiency which is the main factor implicated in PD; other surgical treatment options are available in cases of chronic progressive disease course. This article adds significant value to the literature as it includes the history and the role of most Parkinson's disease management options.