Fine-tuning the Ni/Co ratio to elucidate the coordination structure–activity relationship of MOF-derived bimetallic layered double hydroxides for highly sensitive enzyme-free lactate biosensors

Ag/AgCl/3 M KCl) in an alkaline medium. Furthermore, the as-proposed biosensor exhibited excellent repeatability, maintaining 85.70% of its initial response after 18 days at room temperature, highlighting its remarkable stability for long-term applications. This study provides valuable insights into the structure-activity relationship of MOF-derived LDHs and offers a promising pathway for developing high-performance, enzyme-free lactate biosensors for non-invasive monitoring of physiological conditions.