DOPO-functionalized Fe-based metal–organic framework and its synergistic flame retardant effect with microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate in epoxy composites

) served as an efficient physical barrier to heat and mass transfer. Moreover, the formation of the spherical particulate network of iron phosphate species covering the surface of the burning material imparted a "lotus-leaf effect", minimizing flame impingement and retarding further degradation. Additionally, the incorporation of MOF-DOPO significantly mitigated the mechanical deterioration induced by APP@UMF. This study provides a feasible and effective strategy for developing epoxy nanocomposites with superior flame retardancy and good mechanical properties.