Therapeutic plasma exchange in catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a rare case with concomitant systemic lupus erythematosus and infection

A 49-year-old female patient with a 16-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), previously without signs of renal involvement (antinuclear antibodies in titer 1: >20480 identified with immunoblot method as anti-histones, anti-nucleosomes, anti-SSB, and anti-RNP) in remission for over 6 months, was admitted to the Immunology Department at University Hospital in Krakow.She had been receiving chronic but irregular treatment with