Opportunistic infections in elderly TB patients

Since ancient times, tuberculosis has been a lethal infectious illness. The elderly are particularly susceptible to various illnesses, including tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) and people ageing weaken the immune system, thus increasing the risk of getting other co-infections. Most elderly TB cases are associated with the reactivation of dormant lesions, and these lesions have reactivated due to immunosenescence. Elderly patients have a greater mortality rate from tuberculosis and other co-infections. Active infection signs and symptoms are generally less severe in the elderly. The interaction of structural lung damage, prolonged inflammation, bacterial and fungal colonisation of the respiratory system, and mucociliary insufficiency causes recurrent infections. It is imperative to use all available tools to make a microbiological diagnosis in diagnostic challenges in atypical cases. The therapeutic management of older people presents a significant difficulty in identifying frailty to prevent loss of independence. • Immunosenescence causes lymphopenia, reduced thymic generation of naive T cells, and reduced T cell immunological memory. • Tuberculosis causes structural and physiological chest changes. • Tissue remodelling and organ damage are caused by TB, smoking, and host immunological response. • Poor nutrition in the elderly can cause respiratory muscle dysfunction and sarcopenia.