Advances in electrochemical detection of B-type natriuretic peptide as a heart failure biomarker

Heart failure (HF) is a global health crisis with an increasing prevalence, emphasizing the urgent need for effective diagnostic and monitoring strategies. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a sensitive and specific biomarker, has revolutionized HF management by enabling early detection, risk stratification, and treatment guidance. However, conventional methods for BNP detection face limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and real-time monitoring capabilities. Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as a promising alternative, combining the specificity of biological recognition elements with the sensitivity of electrochemical transduction. This review explores the principles, advancements, and challenges in the development of electrochemical biosensors for BNP detection. Innovative biorecognition elements, signal amplification techniques, and nanomaterial-based electrode modifications have significantly improved the analytical performance of these biosensors, achieving impressive limits of detection and enabling direct measurements in complex biological samples. Furthermore, the integration of electrochemical biosensors with microfluidic platforms and wearable/implantable devices has opened new avenues for continuous, real-time monitoring of BNP levels, facilitating personalized and precise interventions in HF management.