Ultrasonographic abnormalities in clinically unaffected nerves of patients with nonvasculitic motor and sensorimotor mononeuropathies

Abstract Introduction/Aims Diagnostic criteria for multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) and multifocal acquired demyelinating sensorimotor neuropathy (MADSAM) require the involvement of at least two peripheral nerves. However, many patients with very similar features have clinical involvement of only a single peripheral nerve, which may preclude their correct diagnosis and treatment. The present study aimed to present a cohort of such patients and discuss the role of ultrasonography (US) in their diagnosis. Methods Patients with nonvasculitic immune‐mediated motor mononeuropathies (MM) and sensorimotor mononeuropathies (SMM) were recruited prospectively or identified from the electronic records. They were invited to comprehensive follow‐up visits consisting of clinical examination, electrodiagnostic (EDx), and US studies. Results Twenty‐four patients (13 men) were studied (11 with MM). The characteristics of MM and SMM patients were very similar to MMN and MADSAM, respectively. The US, in addition to a long‐swollen segment (average length, 20 cm) in the clinically affected nerve, revealed nerve swelling in, on average, six additional sites in clinically unaffected nerves. Discussion In patients with clinical and EDx involvement of only a single nerve, an US demonstration of multifocal peripheral nerve swelling points to a more widespread, probably dysimmune mechanism. Further studies are needed to evaluate the value of US as a supplementary method for the diagnosis of MADSAM and MMN in patients with clinical involvement of a single nerve.