Environmental Microplastics Distribution, Impact, and Determination Methods: a Review

The widespread distribution and environmental impact of microplastics (MPs) have been a global challenge for several decades. There is an increasing interest in the dissemination, impact, and determination of MPs in the environment. Some reviews have emphasized the cause and effect of MPs, while others have reported on analytical techniques for their identification and quantification. However, there is still a research gap in the global distribution-impact evaluation of MPs. This review highlights the global distribution of MPs and their effects on humans and the ecosystem. Furthermore, we have classified the analytical techniques for the identification and quantification of MPs into three groups: traditional, post-traditional, and advanced. Having addressed the global distribution-impact analysis, we also presented some possible approaches for the removal of MPs including degradation and the use of biodegradable plastic substitutes. Lastly, we suggested perspectives for improving analyses, coverage, and sustainable approach toward MPs pollution control.