Links between life-course SES and frailty trajectory moderated by community environment resources: Person-environment Fit perspective

Drawing from the life course and person-environment fit perspectives, this study examined whether life-course SES disadvantages during childhood, adulthood and old- age influence frailty development in late- life and how community environment resources moderated the association between life-course SES disadvantages and frailty trajectories over a seven-year follow-up period. Data from 11,675 participants aged ≥ 50 years at baseline who participated in the four waves (2011-2018) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) were used. Life-course SES disadvantages were self-reported, and community environment resources (basic infrastructure and voluntary organizations) were ascertained from informed officials in the community. Frailty development was measured at each wave by the Frailty Index (FI) based on 39 potential deficits. Multilevel growth modeling was used to examine the interactive effect of life-course SES disadvantages and community environment resources on frailty development. Life-course SES disadvantage exerted cumulatively negative effects on frailty trajectory, and individuals with SES disadvantages in two or three life stages reported higher initial levels of and faster increases in frailty scores. Community environmental resources (basic infrastructure and voluntary organizations) had a protective effect on frailty development and buffered the negative effects of SES vulnerability experiences accumulated over the life course. Community basic infrastructure resources played an important role in slowing the progression of frailty for individuals with cumulative SES disadvantage and downward mobility. Our findings provided new evidence of person-environmental docility among older adults, documenting the role of community resources in buffering SES disparities in health during later-life.