Eicosapentaenoic acid mitigates ulcerative colitis-induced by acetic acid through modulation of NF-κB and TGF-β/ EGFR signaling pathways

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic mucosal inflammation of the large intestine that mostly affects the rectum and colon. The absence of safe and effective therapeutic agents encourages the discovery of novel therapeutic agents to effectively treat UC and its complications. The purpose of this research was to examine the protective impact of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in rats with UC induced by acetic acid (AA).AA (2 ml, 3 % v/v) was injected intrarectally to cause UC. Before administering AA, EPA (300 and 1000 mg/kg) was given orally for 28 days.EPA inhibited AA-induced UC by enhancing colonic histopathological changes like inflammation, goblet cell loss, glandular hyperplasia and mucosal ulceration, concomitant with a reduction in colon weight, colon weight/length ratio, C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). EPA also effectively restored the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants caused by AA. In addition, EPA increased the levels of trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), while significantly reducing the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor-1(TGF-β1), and phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (P-EGFR), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) expression in colonic tissues.EPA inhibited AA-induced UC in rats by modulating the TGF-β/P-EGFR and NF-κB inflammatory pathways, regulating the oxidant/antioxidant balance, and enhancing the colon barrier integrity.