Surface Engineering of FLT4-Targeted Nanocarriers Enhances Cell-Softening Glaucoma Therapy

ABSTRACT Primary open-angle glaucoma is associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that damages the optic nerve and leads to gradual vision loss. Several agents that reduce the stiffness of pressure-regulating Schlemm’s canal endothelial cells, in the conventional outflow pathway of the eye, lower IOP in glaucoma patients and are approved for clinical use. However, poor drug penetration and uncontrolled biodistribution limit their efficacy and produce local adverse effects. Compared to other ocular endothelia, FLT4/VEGFR3 is expressed at elevated levels by Schlemm’s canal endothelial cells and can be exploited for targeted drug delivery. Here, we validate FLT4 receptors as a clinically relevant target on Schlemm’s canal cells from glaucomatous human donors and engineer polymeric self-assembled nanocarriers displaying lipid-anchored targeting ligands that optimally engage this receptor. Targeting constructs were synthesized as lipid-PEGX-peptide, differing in the number of PEG spacer units (x), and were embedded in micelles. We present a novel proteolysis assay for quantifying ligand accessibility that we employ to design and optimize our FLT4-targeting strategy for glaucoma nanotherapy. Peptide accessibility to proteases correlated with receptor-mediated targeting enhancements. Increasing the accessibility of FLT4-binding peptides enhanced nanocarrier uptake by Schlemm’s canal cells while simultaneously decreasing uptake by off-target vascular endothelial cells. Using a paired longitudinal IOP study in vivo , we show this enhanced targeting of Schlemm’s canal cells translates to IOP reductions that are sustained for a significantly longer time as compared to controls. Histological analysis of murine anterior segment tissue confirmed nanocarrier localization to Schlemm’s canal within one hour after intracameral administration. This work demonstrates that steric effects between surface-displayed ligands and PEG coronas significantly impact targeting performance of synthetic nanocarriers across multiple biological scales. Minimizing the obstruction of modular targeting ligands by PEG measurably improved the efficacy of glaucoma nanotherapy and is an important consideration for engineering PEGylated nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery.