Inhibition of Lead Toxicity of Perovskite Solar Cells

ABSTRACT Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a leading third‐generation photovoltaic technology owing to their exceptional power conversion efficiencies and tunable bandgap characteristics. However, the environmental sustainability of this technology is compromised by the potential leaching of toxic lead (Pb) from degraded perovskite layers under harsh environmental stressors. Such unintended Pb release poses substantial contamination risks to ecosystems and raises critical concerns regarding bio‐accumulative hazards. Consequently, mitigating lead leakage throughout the entire life cycle is urgent for eco‐friendly PSCs. Herein, we present a systematic review of the lead toxicity of PSCs and corresponding inhibition strategies. We discuss the primary influencing factors in sequence from the crystal lattice to grain boundaries, film surfaces, charge transport layers, encapsulation layers, device recycling, and remanufacturing. This article outlines two major strategies for preventing lead leakage: reducing lead usage through element substitution and protecting lead‐containing devices through chemical fixation, physical encapsulation, and sustainable recycling. Finally, we analyze the economy and operability of various strategies and look forward to future research directions. It is anticipated that through lead‐free designs and appropriate lead leakage inhibition strategies, the commercialization of PSCs will be further promoted.