Screening and evaluation of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in anthocyanin extracts from diverse dietary sources

experiments showed that anthocyanin extract from kale significantly suppressed XO activity and improved renal function in hyperuricemic mice. Transcriptomic and qPCR analyses further revealed that anthocyanins modulate the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, specifically through downregulation of PIK3R5. These findings highlight the potential of specific anthocyanin structures, particularly D3S, as effective natural XO inhibitors for the management of hyperuricemia.