Functional Bioactive Components in Non-Bovine Milks: A Comparative Review of Health Benefits and Potential Applications

Nonbovine milks are gaining significant attention in health research due to their distinct nutritional and bioactive profiles. This review summarizes the functional components─including osteopontin, lactoferrin, casein, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), ω-3 fatty acids, exosomes, and milk oligosaccharides─found in these specialty milks and their biological activities. Preclinical evidence suggests these components have the potential to exert health-promoting effects, with possible applications in immunomodulation, gut barrier enhancement, neurodevelopment, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Interspecies variations in bioactive composition suggest specific nonbovine milks may offer targeted advantages for various health applications. However, given that most findings derive primarily from in vitro and animal studies, well-designed human clinical trials are necessary to validate these potential health benefits and elucidate underlying mechanisms in humans. This review highlights the potential of nonbovine milks as sustainable functional ingredients for tailored foods, supplements, and therapeutic formulations promoting human health.