Utilization of electric prime movers in hydraulic heavy-duty-mobile-machine implement systems

Electrifying vehicles yields advantages such as reduced emissions, better performance and more flexibility. While electric machines can directly drive the wheels or tracks of heavy-duty mobile machines (HDMMs), the implements require a combination of electrics and hydraulics for robust, high-force linear actuation. This survey focuses on different of such electro-hydraulic implement systems that have been proposed by industry and academia over the last decades. For the hydraulic circuits, centralized valve-controlled architectures are identified as less progressive but easy to implement for a fast market penetration, while novel decentralized circuit concepts can be more efficient but also more challenging for HDMMs compared to stationary or aircraft applications. The electric machine (EM)-pump combinations are mostly formed out of standard components so far, while customized, integrated or even linear-pump concepts offer room for improvement. Different forms of non-stationary electric energy supplies were also found to be numerous, but many technologies require more development.