Estimating a social cost of carbon for global energy consumption

损害赔偿 采暖日度数 全球变暖 环境科学 全球温度 气候变化 能源消耗 消费(社会学) 自然资源经济学 经济 计量经济学 生态学 工程类 社会学 法学 电气工程 生物 社会科学 政治学
作者
Ashwin Rode,Tamma Carleton,Michael Delgado,Michael Greenstone,Trevor Houser,Solomon Hsiang,Andrew Hultgren,Amir Jina,Robert E. Kopp,Kelly E. McCusker,Ishan Nath,James Rising,Jiacan Yuan
出处
期刊:Nature [Nature Portfolio]
卷期号:598 (7880): 308-314 被引量:210
标识
DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-03883-8
摘要

Estimates of global economic damage caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions can inform climate policy1-3. The social cost of carbon (SCC) quantifies these damages by characterizing how additional CO2 emissions today impact future economic outcomes through altering the climate4-6. Previous estimates have suggested that large, warming-driven increases in energy expenditures could dominate the SCC7,8, but they rely on models9-11 that are spatially coarse and not tightly linked to data2,3,6,7,12,13. Here we show that the release of one ton of CO2 today is projected to reduce total future energy expenditures, with most estimates valued between -US$3 and -US$1, depending on discount rates. Our results are based on an architecture that integrates global data, econometrics and climate science to estimate local damages worldwide. Notably, we project that emerging economies in the tropics will dramatically increase electricity consumption owing to warming, which requires critical infrastructure planning. However, heating reductions in colder countries offset this increase globally. We estimate that 2099 annual global electricity consumption increases by about 4.5 exajoules (7 per cent of current global consumption) per one-degree-Celsius increase in global mean surface temperature (GMST), whereas direct consumption of other fuels declines by about 11.3 exajoules (7 per cent of current global consumption) per one-degree-Celsius increase in GMST. Our finding of net savings contradicts previous research7,8, because global data indicate that many populations will remain too poor for most of the twenty-first century to substantially increase energy consumption in response to warming. Importantly, damage estimates would differ if poorer populations were given greater weight14.
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