Dynamics of two-dimensional water flow in angstrom-scale mono and hybrid channels

In angstrom-scale channels, where water forms a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer, interlayer shear force decreases, making traditional viscosity definitions unsuitable. Our findings demonstrate that in channels below 1 nm, water flow does not follow conventional viscosity-driven principles; instead, friction between water molecules and channel walls governs flow behavior. We extend the Hagen-Poiseuille equation by excluding viscosity and emphasizing friction, providing a more accurate model for flow in ultra-narrow 2D spaces. This approach improves understanding of water flow in angstrom-scale channels, with applications in desalination and energy conversion.