Associations between dose-response of serum creatinine and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: consistent and robust evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Skeletal muscle is the key target of insulin action. Therefore, a reduction in skeletal muscle mass may trigger insulin resistance, a mechanism of diabetes. Creatinine is the only metabolite of creatine phosphate in the skeletal muscle. Exploring the association between serum creatinine level and T2DM is helpful for the early identification and prevention of T2DM.