The potential negative effects of ageism on digital engagement of older adults: a meta-analysis

Abstract Background and Objectives Older adults, often referred to as “digital immigrants,” face persistent digital exclusion. Despite growing attention, ageism’s role in shaping their digital engagement remains unclear with inconsistent findings. Applying the Ageism Generation Model, this meta-analysis examines ageism–digital participation linkages to address critical psychological barriers, and further to improve the old people’s digital participation. Research Design and Methods We meta-analyzed 21 studies (72 effect size, N = 194,468) on adults aged 60+, using a random-effects mode. Eligible publications provided empirical data on ageism–digital participation links. To explore the potential moderators, meta-regression and subgroup analyses were conducted. Results Relatively weak negative association was observed between ageism and digital service usage among older adults (r = −0.13, 95% CI [−0.18, −0.09]). Further analysis revealed that this relationship was moderated by education level, chronological age, and cultural background, suggesting that sociodemographic factors shaped the impact of ageism on digital exclusion. While gender failed to independently moderate the ageism–digital participation linkage among old adults, it interacted with cultural context and age demonstrated significant moderation. Discussion and Implications This study observed a weak but significant association between digital participation and both self- and other-directed ageism among older adults, underscoring the operationalization of self-fulfilling prophecies within the Ageism Generation Model framework. The study clarified the psychological mechanisms behind the digital divide and provided a foundation for interventions aimed at fostering positive attitudes toward technology among older adults. These insights are critical for policymakers and practitioners seeking to promote equitable digital inclusion in an aging society.