Testing the properties of cemented tailings backfill under multiaxial compressive loading

The engineering design of cemented paste backfill (CPB) typically relies on technical data obtained from tests conducted on CPB samples cured under conventional laboratory conditions. However, these methods often fall short in capturing the complex multiaxial stress curing conditions that CPB masses experience in many underground mines, particularly in deep underground mines. In these mining environments, CPB is subjected to multi-axial stress conditions during the curing process that are challenging to replicate in a controlled laboratory setting. No lab-scale apparatus can currently accurately reproduce these actual field multiaxial stress conditions, especially the intricate interplay of horizontal rockwall closure stresses, vertical self-weight stress, and overburden stresses from upper layers. Moreover, the impact of these conditions on the key engineering properties of CPB is unknown. To address this significant challenge and technology gap, this study has developed a new apparatus for curing and monitoring CPB under realistic multiaxial compressive loading conditions, simulating the complex stress environment encountered in underground mines. The developed apparatus was then utilized to assess the impact of multiaxial stress curing conditions, including vertical stress and horizontal stresses induced by rockwall closures, on key engineering properties (strength, deformation behaviour, self-desiccation) of CPB at early ages. The research results clearly indicate that the application of multiaxial stresses leads to a significant enhancement in the mechanical and physical properties of CPB. This enhancement is supported by observable densification of the pore structure in CPB subjected to multiaxial compressive stresses. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of deformation and strain patterns establishes a direct correlation between multiaxial stresses and the progressive increase in stiffness and hardness of CPB over time. Furthermore, the evolution of matric suction and degree of saturation provides compelling evidence of the significant impact of multiaxial stresses on pore water consumption or self-desiccation. The development of this new apparatus fills a substantial void in CPB research capabilities. Furthermore, the results obtained provide a better understanding of the complex behavior of CPB in multi-stress loading environments, paving the way for the design and optimization of backfill solutions that effectively address the unique challenges posed by deep underground mining operations.