A Review on Inkjet-Printed Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Ambient Air Conditions: Progress and Challenges

Inkjet printing has emerged as a scalable, digital, and material-efficient deposition method for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), offering a path toward large-area fabrication and flexible device integration. While most high-performance PSCs are still produced via spin coating under inert atmospheres, recent progress demonstrates that inkjet printing under ambient air can yield highly efficient and stable devices by careful optimization of ink chemistry, substrate engineering, and process control. This review presents a comprehensive overview of developments in inkjet-printed PSCs fabricated in ambient environments. It discusses the fundamental aspects of inkjet deposition, ink rheology and jettability, solvent systems, halide additive effects, and substrate treatment strategies. Additionally, it compares inkjet printing with other scalable techniques such as slot-die, blade, and roll-to-roll coating. Reported power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of ambient-printed PSCs have advanced from below 5% in early studies (2014–2016) to over 16% in recent years (2021–2024), illustrating significant progress toward industrial applicability. Remaining challenges include droplet control, coffee-ring effects, humidity-induced degradation, and long-term stability. The review concludes by outlining future perspectives for achieving fully printed, air-stable, and industrial-scale PSC modules. This review provides comprehensive insights into the current advancements, limitations, and future prospects of inkjet printing for scalable perovskite photovoltaics.