Niobium Gradient Doping-Driven Microstructural Engineering for High-Performance Nickel-Rich Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries

), significantly surpassing that of the pristine counterpart (68.34%). Moreover, to design a battery with high specific power and energy, Nb-modified NCM622 is cooperated with 8% graphene to form capacitor-LIB hybrid electrode. A 7 Ah pouch full-cell pairing the hybrid cathode with hard carbon retains ≈90% capacity after 7000 cycles at 70 A. This simple tactic extends lifespan, permits rapid charging, and meets safety benchmarks─while preserving capacity for next-gen electric vehicles.