Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and ciprofloxacin using magnetic NiFe 2 O 4 @ZIF 67

) as the dominant reactive species in the degradation pathway. The degradation efficiency significantly increased with catalyst dosage, increasing from 72% to 98% for methylene blue (MB) as the dosage increased from 2.5 mg to 10 mg. Similarly, for ciprofloxacin (CIP), the efficiency improved from 53% to 88% when the catalyst dose was increased from 5 to 10 mg within 60 minutes. The photocatalyst exhibited excellent structural stability over 20 consecutive degradation cycles. Additionally, a detailed analysis of the degradation mechanism and kinetics studies provided valuable insights into the heterojunction design for developing high-performance magnetic photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. In alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 (clean water and sanitation), this work addresses the urgent challenge of emerging organic pollutants in wastewater. Hence, this work highlights the potential of a sustainable and recyclable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment.