A REVIEW ON CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS: Epidemiology, Molecular Evolution, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Therapeutics and Vaccine Development

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for recurrent outbreaks characterized by acute febrile illness and chronic debilitating arthralgia. Since its first identification in 1952, CHIKV has re-emerged globally with increased epidemic intensity, particularly after the 2005–2006 Indian Ocean outbreak. Viral genetic evolution, notably the E1:A226V mutation, enhanced vector adaptability and transmission efficiency, contributing to widespread dissemination. Clinically, chikungunya presents with fever, rash, and severe polyarthralgia, with complications including neurological involvement, chronic inflammatory arthritis, and multi-organ dysfunction. Diagnosis relies on serological assays and molecular techniques such as RT-PCR. Currently, management remains supportive, though antiviral strategies and vaccine candidates are under active development. This review comprehensively summarizes the epidemiology, virology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic strategies, and vaccine progress related to CHIKV, highlighting future research priorities.