pH-responsive polydopamine-shelled 3D-printed chitosan/collagen hydrogel integrating exosomes and an enzyme/peptide cascade for diabetic wound healing

studies-including diabetic rat skin defects, C57 infectious dermatitis, and rabbit full-thickness ear wound models-demonstrated that the G3 core-shell scaffold significantly accelerated wound closure, reduced bacterial load, and promoted ordered collagen deposition, re-epithelialization, and skin appendage regeneration. This study provides an intelligent 3D-printed hydrogel dressing capable of multi-target synergistic regulation of the wound microenvironment, offering a novel strategy with application potential for treating complex diabetic wounds.