Mast Cells Play an Important Role in the Pathogenesis of Hyperglycemia‐Induced Atrial Fibrillation

Roles of Mast Cells in Hyperglycemia‐Induced Atrial Remodeling Background and Objectives Recently, it was reported that mast cells (MCs) could underlie the mechanisms of several cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of MCs in diabetes‐induced atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been notably investigated. We tested the hypothesis that MC deficiency attenuates hyperglycemia‐induced AF in mice. Methods and Results Mast cell‐deficient W/W v mice, and congenic +/+ littermates (WT) were divided into either the vehicle (VEH)‐injection group or the streptozotocin (STZ)‐injection group (MCKO‐VEH, MCKO‐STZ, WT‐VEH, and WT‐STZ groups). On day 28 of our studies, we observed that (1) STZ‐induced hyperglycemia increased MC infiltration in the left atrium (LA) in WT mice (P < 0.01), (2) atrium isolated from the WT‐STZ group showed inhomogeneous interstitial fibrosis, abundant infiltration of macrophages, and enhanced apoptosis compared to the WT‐VEH group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). However, the changes observed in the WT‐STZ group were significantly attenuated in the MCKO‐STZ mice. In addition, we observed that (3) messenger RNA levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, interleukin‐1β, transforming growth factor‐β, and collagen‐1 in the LA were increased in the WT‐STZ group, but not in the MCKO‐STZ group, (4) STZ‐induced hyperglycemia increased AF induction and prolonged interatrial conduction time in the WT mice, which were not observed in the MCKO mice, and that (5) hyperglycemia‐enhanced atrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was equally observed in the WT and MCKO mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that MCs contribute to the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia‐induced AF via enhancement of inflammation and fibrosis.