Exploration of a Na3V2(PO4)3/C –Pb full cell Na-ion prototype

Recent research focusses typically on sodium-ion half cells, and the progress of high performance and cost-effective full cells remain a critical obstacle to commercialize sodiumion batteries.Here, we rationally designed a full sodium-ion battery based on Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (NVP-C) cathode and Pb anode materials.Carbon coated NVP-C is prepared via easy and one-step solid-state method.With 8 wt% carbon content, the obtained NVP-C core-shell structure provides an excellent reversible capacity of 104 mAh/g at C/10 rate, approaching its theoretical capacity.The NVP-C electrode even at a high 10C rate delivers a primary reversible capacity of 87 mAh/g with 99.9% capacity retention almost after 3500 cycles.As an anode, Pb delivers an initial reversible capacity of 477 mAh/g at a fixed current density of 13 mA/g with a good cyclability and capacity retention of 98.5% over 50 cycles.From the as prepared materials a full cell was achieved, which exhibited a preliminary reversible capacity of 233 mAh/g at C/10.In addition, the good rate capability including discharge energy density in the range of 170-180 Wh/kg brands the full cell a potential candidate in practical sodium-ion battery application.The excellent electrochemical behavior with simple, low-cost properties of fabricated full cell mark it as attractive option for high-energy and energy storage applications.