Viral dynamical modeling incorporating latent reservoirs, cell apoptosis and specific immunity

Viral dynamics has long been a research hotspot in the field of dynamics and also serves as a vital theoretical tool for clinical diagnosis and treatment. At present, relatively abundant achievements have been made on the roles of cellular immunity and humoral immunity in regulating viral infection and latency. In this paper, we incorporate the mechanisms of latent infection and induced apoptosis of macrophages into the modeling process, systematically analyze the existence, uniqueness and uniform boundedness of solution to the model, focus on deriving the coexistence of equilibria and various threshold conditions, and rigorously prove the local asymptotic stability of the infection-free equilibrium. The results demonstrate that innate immune cells represented by macrophages and CD4+ T cells can persist continuously, and the immune function of macrophages further drives the model to exhibit more complex dynamic behaviors.