Recent advances in hemoperfusion adsorbents: from material innovations to emerging application systems

Hemoperfusion has become an important blood-purification modality in critical illnesses, renal failure, liver disorders and sepsis. Due to its ability to remove different toxins from the blood using special adsorbents, hemoperfusion has therapeutic advantages over other technologies, such as hemodialysis. Innovations in adsorbent materials and application systems have led to the advancement of clinical applications of hemoperfusion. In this review, technological innovations in both traditional (activated carbon, natural and synthetic polymers) and novel adsorbent materials (carbon nanomaterials, two-dimensional materials, and ordered porous materials) are evaluated. The performance of these adsorbents in terms of adsorption capacity, biocompatibility, and adsorption mechanism is further introduced and compared. In addition, emerging hemoperfusion adsorbent application systems are discussed, including catalytic systems, adsorption systems integrated with monitoring functions, microfluidic platforms for precise toxin removal, and wearable devices for continuous treatment. This review devotes particular attention to the material innovations and application systems of hemoperfusion adsorbents, highlighting hemoperfusion's potential as a pivotal technology in personalized and precision medicine for the management of complex diseases.