Construction of biomimetic micro-nano composite structured refractory high-entropy alloys/diamond composite modified layer on 316 L stainless steel: a comprehensive study on wear property, corrosion resistance, and biological behavior

To overcome the clinical limitations of 316 L stainless steel，specifically its poor wear resistance, insufficient corrosion resistance and limited bioactivity，this study innovatively developed a RHEAs/Dia composite modified layer with biomimetic micro-nano composite structures on 316 L, synergistically combining the superior properties of diamond and RHEAs. Systematic characterization reveals that the annealed composite modified layer achieves exceptional integrated performance: remarkable hardness (377 HV), ultralow wear rate (8.02 × 10 −5 mm 3 ·N −1 ·m −1 ), and outstanding corrosion resistance (R p and R b are on the order of 10 6 Ω·cm 2 ). Furthermore, the modified surface significantly enhances osteoblast functions, promoting superior adhesion, proliferation, spreading, and differentiation. After osteoinduction for 7 days, the collagen secretion and ECM mineralization levels on the modified layer reach 2.4 times and 1.8 times those of the substrate, respectively, with concurrently elevated ALP activity, demonstrating excellent osteogenic potential. In this study, the surface modification of traditional medical stainless steel is realized by using new materials and new methods, which provides a novel strategy and material combination for the improvement of medical implant materials. • A RHEAs/Dia composite modified layer with bionic micro-nano structures was constructed on 316 L. • Composite layer enhanced the wear and corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of the substrate. • The micro-nano structure improved cell anchoring, promoting better adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. • A novel strategy for surface modification of traditional medical metal implants was proposed.