A review on CO2 capture and sequestration in the construction industry: Emerging approaches and commercialised technologies

Reducing CO2 emissions from the construction industry is the most imperative factor in the fight against climate change, which aims to reduce the average atmosphere temperature below 1.5 °C by the end of this century. Globally, the cement industry is responsible for approximately ∼7 % of CO2 emissions. About 9.95 Gt/y of CO2 was emitted by the construction sector as of 2019, making it the highest contributor. The construction sector is forecast to reduce its CO2 emissions by 16 % by 2030, leading to net-zero emissions by 2050. Thus, several measures have been implemented to mitigate significant CO2 emissions from the construction industry by capturing and utilizing CO2. This paper reviews existing industrial-level CO2 capture technologies in cement industries, such as amine scrubbing, oxy-combustion, direct capture, and calcium looping, as well as the costs and barriers associated with their use. Also presented a summary and comparison of utilizing CO2 through accelerated mineral carbonation in cement-based materials, recycled aggregate, and calcium-rich solid waste. In addition to this, various commercialized technologies for mitigating CO2 emissions (Carbon8, Calera Corporation, CarbonCure, Solidia, Blue Planet and Carbstone) and their methods of sequestering CO2 as well as their technology readiness levels (TRL), %CO2 uptake, and patent analysis for their technologies were discussed.