Enhanced sampling in molecular dynamics simulations and their latest applications—A review

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are capable of reproducing dynamic evolution at the molecular scale, but are limited by temporal scales. Enhanced sampling has emerged as a powerful tool to improve sampling efficiency, thereby extending the simulation timescales of a range of simulation studies in materials, chemistry, biology, nanoscience, and related fields. Here, we provide a systematic overview of established enhanced sampling methods and clarify the principles and interconnections between these methods. Furthermore, we categorically elaborate on the state-of-the-art applications of enhanced sampling in the last five years. Through these exemplified applications, we discuss the unique advantages of this technique, showing the prospects and challenges for its future development. This review could help researchers in different fields gain a comprehensive understanding of the enhanced sampling technique, and jointly facilitate its application and advancement.