Physical effects of 3D microenvironments on confined cell behaviors

Cell migration is a fundamental and functional cellular process, influenced by complex microenvironment consisting of different cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Recent research has highlighted that, besides biochemical cues from the microenvironment, physical cues can also greatly alter cellular behavior. However, due to the complexity of the microenvironment, little is known about how the physical interactions between migrating cells and surrounding microenvironment instruct cell movement. Here, we explore various examples of 3D microenvironment reconstruction models in vitro and describe how the physical interplay between migrating cells and the neighboring microenvironment controls cell behavior. Understanding this mechanical cooperation will provide key insights into organ development, regeneration, and tumor metastasis.