Online Measurement of Impedance Spectroscopy of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Equalized Current Harmonic Injection

Abstract Impedance spectroscopy can characterize a variety of states within a battery and shows great potential for application in safety warning and condition assessment, but there is a lack of an effective online monitoring method. Therefore, this article proposes a method for online measurement of impedance spectroscopy based on harmonic injection of equalization currents, which superimposes different frequency sinusoidal perturbation signals on the original equalization currents through process reconstruction and collaborative control, and realizes real-time impedance spectroscopy monitoring at the level of single cell without additional hardware. In order to verify the validity of the method proposed in this article, a hardware experimental platform was constructed. First, a four-switch buck-boost (FSBB) converter is used to perform energy equalization of a six-cell Li-ion battery pack under different working conditions, and the experimental results show that the Li-ion battery pack can be equalized by the active equalization circuit under the states of resting, charging, and discharging in about 60 min, 75 min, and 100 min, respectively. Then, the impedance spectroscopy in the frequency range of 0.2 Hz–800 Hz is achieved through the collaborative control of active equalization and impedance spectroscopy. Finally, in order to verify the reliability of the measured data, the measured impedance spectroscopy data were evaluated by the Kramers–Kronig (K-K) transforms, and the data measured at the initial stage were compared and analyzed with the data measured by a professional electrochemical workstation, which verified the validity of the method proposed in this article.