The Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) persist as formidable contributors to global mortality and pose substantial challenges to public health. Most mortality estimates have been attributed to heart attack and stroke. Despite increased public awareness, the burden of CVDs continues to increase. OBJECTIVE: This review describes the burden of CVDs and risk factors in adults, according to the World Health Organization's (WHO) defined regions. METHODS: A mapping review methodology was used. PubMed, Scopus, Wiley, the WHO Global Health Observatory data repository, American Heart Association, National Forum for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Commission, Eurostat, European Society of Cardiology, World Heart Federation, and Google Scholar were searched using free text search terms: cardiovascular diseases/CVDs, burden, incidence, prevalence, prevention, and risk factor. RESULTS: Ischemic heart disease predominated in the Americas, Europe, and Eastern Mediterranean, whereas stroke was more common in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific. Premature deaths occur in populations with low socioeconomic status. Several well-known risk factors are preventable, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, air pollution, obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, and unhealthy dietary intake. Emerging risk factors include excessive or lack of sleep, depression, social isolation, air/noise pollution, and exposure to extreme sunshine, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and copper. CONCLUSIONS: The burden of CVDs and its risk factors vary greatly according to demographics and geographical region. Addressing CVDs requires multifaceted strategies, including region-specific interventions, addressing socioeconomic inequalities, adopting life-course risk management, strengthening the healthcare workforce, and improving health literacy.