The Importance of Moisture in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Film Fabrication

材料科学 光致发光 卤化物 水分 钙钛矿(结构) 薄膜 湿度 相对湿度 纳米技术 制作 化学工程 光电子学 复合材料 无机化学 化学 气象学 医学 替代医学 物理 病理 工程类
作者
Giles E. Eperon,Severin N. Habisreutinger,Tomas Leijtens,Bardo J. Bruijnaers,Jacobus J. van Franeker,Dane W. deQuilettes,Sandeep Pathak,Rebecca J. Sutton,Giulia Grancini,David S. Ginger,Raj René Janssen,Annamaria Petrozza,Henry J. Snaith
出处
期刊:ACS Nano [American Chemical Society]
卷期号:9 (9): 9380-9393 被引量:448
标识
DOI:10.1021/acsnano.5b03626
摘要

Moisture, in the form of ambient humidity, has a significant impact on methylammonium lead halide perovskite films. In particular, due to the hygroscopic nature of the methylammonium component, moisture plays a significant role during film formation. This issue has so far not been well understood and neither has the impact of moisture on the physical properties of resultant films. Herein, we carry out a comprehensive and well-controlled study of the effect of moisture exposure on methylammonium lead halide perovskite film formation and properties. We find that films formed in higher humidity atmospheres have a less continuous morphology but significantly improved photoluminescence, and that film formation is faster. In photovoltaic devices, we find that exposure to moisture, either in the precursor solution or in the atmosphere during formation, results in significantly improved open-circuit voltages and hence overall device performance. We then find that by post-treating dry films with moisture exposure, we can enhance photovoltaic performance and photoluminescence in a similar way. The enhanced photoluminescence and open-circuit voltage imply that the material quality is improved in films that have been exposed to moisture. We determine that this improvement stems from a reduction in trap density in the films, which we postulate to be due to the partial solvation of the methylammonium component and "self-healing" of the perovskite lattice. This work highlights the importance of controlled moisture exposure when fabricating high-performance perovskite devices and provides guidelines for the optimum environment for fabrication. Moreover, we note that often an unintentional water exposure is likely responsible for the high performance of solar cells produced in some laboratories, whereas careful synthesis and fabrication in a dry environment will lead to lower-performing devices.
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