Porous cathode optimization for lithium cells: Ionic and electronic conductivity, capacity, and selection of materials

Narrowing the gap between theoretical and actual capacity in key Li-based battery systems can be achieved through improvements in both electronic and ionic conductivities of materials, via addition of conductive species. Additives do, however, penalize both volumetric and gravimetric properties, and also limit liquid transport and high rate performance. In this work, we developed a technique to design and optimize cathode system based directly on the relationships among ionic and electronic conductivities and specific energy, for a range of commercially viable cathode electrochemistries and additives. Our results quantify trade-offs among ionic and electronic conductivity, and conductivity and specific energy. We also provide quantitative relationships for improved utilization and specific power, with higher specific energy. Finally, we provide quantitative guidance for the design of high energy density Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cells using conductive additives, and also provide guidelines for the design of cathode systems, based directly on solid and liquid phase transport limitations. Future work will focus on higher rates of performance, and will be based on analyses here.