Zinc and copper supplements enhance trichloroethylene removal by Pseudomonas plecoglossicida in water

The effects of two microelements, zinc and copper, on the aerobic co-metabolic removal of trichloroethylene (10 mg/L) by the isolate Pseudomonas plecoglossicida were investigated. The strain was previously isolated from a petroleum-contaminated site using toluene (150 mg/L) as substrate. Different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 mg/L) of microelements provided with SO₄^2- and Cl^- were tested. The results showed the supplement of Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ at the low concentration (1 mg/L) significantly enhanced cell growth. The removal efficiencies for toluene and trichloroethylene were also enhanced at the low concentration (1 mg/L) of Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺. Compared to the control without zinc supplement, higher concentrations of zinc (10 and 100 mg/L) enhanced the removal efficiencies for both toluene and trichloroethylene in the first three days but showed some inhibitory effect afterward. However, the higher concentrations of Cu²⁺ (10 and 100 mg/L) always showed inhibitory to the toluene removal while showing inhibitory to the TCE removal after three days. For both Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺, the anions SO₄^2- and Cl^- did not show significant difference in their effects on the toluene removal. A possible mechanism for Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ to enhance the removal of toluene and trichloroethylene would be their involvement in toluene oxygenase-based transformation processes. In addition, high concentrations of Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions could be removed from the liquid by the cells accordingly. The results imply a potential of supplementing low concentrations of zinc and copper to enhance bioremediation of the sites co-contaminated with toluene and trichloroethylene.