Magnetic shape memory polymers: a state-of-the-art review

Abstract Magnetic shape memory polymers (MSMPs) represent a new family of smart materials that unify the tunable mechanical properties typical for shape memory polymers (SMPs) with remote actuation abilities utilizing magnetic fields. First developed in the late 20th century, these MSMPs leverage recent developments in polymer technology and material science for enhanced functionality, placing these materials as key components in several applications, from biomedical devices to soft robotics and smart textiles. This focused review aims to comprehensively summarize the fundamental mechanisms, constituents, and principal applications of MSMPs. Furthermore, non-contact shape recovery methods such as magnetic induction heating or magneto-mechanical forces are also realized by integrating the particles (e.g. iron oxide, cobalt ferrite) with the polymer matrix. The authors of this paper review methods to fabricate uniform particle dispersion and how the selection of polymer can lead to changes in thermal and mechanical properties due to the incorporation of particles into them; they also comment on maintaining a balance between efficiency, durability, and scalability against optimizing. Emphasis is placed on the review of multiple applications of MSMPs in areas like biomedicine, soft robotics, and self-healing materials that require precise manipulation. This review provides a detailed summary of the current constraints, such as particle aggregation, long-term stability, and production costs, while also suggesting key areas that could improve the effectiveness and utility of MSMPs. This analysis aims to describe the current landscape in MSMP research, its technological potential, and areas that require further development.