Silica nanoparticle accumulation in plants: current state and future perspectives

With their excellent biocompatibility, adjustable size, and high specific surface area, silica nanoparticles (SiO₂ NPs) offer an alternative to traditional bulk fertilizers as a means to promote sustainable agriculture. SiO₂ NPs have been shown to promote the growth of plants and to reduce the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, but their bioaccumulation is a crucial factor that has been overlooked in studies of their biological effects. In this review, the techniques to quantify and visualize SiO₂ NPs in plants were examined first. We then provide a summary of the current state of knowledge on the accumulation, translocation, and transformation of SiO₂ NPs in plants and of the factors (e.g., the physicochemical properties of SiO₂ NPs, plant species, application mode, and environmental conditions) that influence SiO₂ NP bioaccumulation. The challenges in analyzing NP-plant interactions are considered as well. We conclude by identifying areas for further research that will advance our understanding of NP-plant interactions and thus contribute to more sustainable, eco-friendly, nano-enabled approaches to improving crop nutrient supplies. The information presented herein is important to improve the delivery efficiency of SiO₂ NPs for precision and sustainable agriculture and to assess the safety of SiO₂ NPs during their application in agriculture.