Associations between pain intensity, pain sensitivity, demographics, psychological factors, disability, physical activity, pain phenotype and COVID‐19 history in low back pain: An observational study

Abstract Background and Purpose Knowledge of the factors affecting pain intensity and pain sensitivity can inform treatment targets and strategies aimed at personalizing the intervention, conceivably increasing its positive impact on patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between demographic factors (sex and age), body mass index (BMI), psychological factors (anxiety and depression, kinesiophobia and catastrophizing), self‐reported physical activity, pain phenotype (symptoms of central sensitization, and nociceptive or neuropathic pain), history of COVID‐19 and pain intensity and sensitivity in patients with chronic non‐specific low back pain (LBP). Methods This was a cross‐sectional secondary analysis with 83 participants with chronic non‐specific LBP recruited from the community between August 2021 and April 2022. BMI, pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), pain sensitivity at the lower back and at a distant point [pressure pain threshold], catastrophizing (Pain Catastrophizing Scale), kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), pain phenotype (Central Sensitization Inventory and PainDetect Questionnaire), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and disability (Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire) were assessed. Multiple linear regression analyses with pain intensity and sensitivity as the dependent variables were used. Results The model for pain intensity explained 34% of its variance (Adjusted R 2 = −0.343, p < 0.001), with depression and anxiety ( p = 0.008) and disability ( p = 0.035) reaching statistical significance. The model for pain sensitivity at the lower back, also explained 34% of its variance (Adjusted R 2 = 0.344, p < 0.001) at the lower back with sex, BMI, and kinesiophobia reaching statistical significance ( p < 0.05) and 15% of the variance at a distant body site (Adjusted R 2 = 0.148, p = 0.018) with sex and BMI reaching statistical significance ( p < 0.05). Discussion This study found that different factors are associated with pain intensity and pain sensitivity in individuals with LBP. Increased pain intensity was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression and disability and increased pain sensitivity was associated with being a female, higher kinesiophobia, and lower BMI.