Sensitive detection of fluid biomarkers using adamantylidene 1,2-dioxetane based chemiluminescent probes

Body fluid analysis is a crucial non-invasive diagnostic tool that offers valuable insights into the body's physiological state and aids in early disease detection. Traditional methods, however, can be costly, time-consuming, and lack sensitivity. To address these issues, fluorescence imaging technology, employing various fluorescent probes, has emerged as a promising alternative. Yet, background fluorescence from compounds in body fluids can interfere with analytical sensitivity. Chemiluminescent probes, particularly Schaap's adamantylidene 1,2-dioxetane based ones, overcome this challenge by eliminating the need for external excitation and enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio. In this feature article, we summarize recent advancements in the design and application of Schaap's adamantylidene 1,2-dioxetane based chemiluminescent probes for detecting analytes in body fluids such as blood, plasma, urine, and sputum. Our discussion covers contributions from both our own research and the work of others, focusing on the detection of fluid biomarkers for specific diseases. Additionally, we discuss the challenges faced and propose future research directions in designing Schaap's adamantylidene 1,2-dioxetane based probes tailored for body fluid analysis. We hope this review inspires further development of chemiluminescent probes suitable for a wide range of body fluid analyses.