Novel Emerging Mechanisms in Acetaminophen ( APAP ) Hepatotoxicity

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced liver injury represents a critical public health issue, marked by unpredictable and potentially severe adverse reactions to medications, herbal products or dietary supplements. AIMS: Acetaminophen is notably a leading cause of hepatotoxicity, impacting over one million individuals worldwide. MATERIALS & METHODS: Extensive research has elucidated the intricate mechanisms driving APAP-induced liver injury, emphasising the significant roles of endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. RESULTS: These insights pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies, including the use of magnesium, bile acids, microbiota modulation and mesenchymal stem cells. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: This review explores into these pathological mechanisms, proposing viable therapeutic interventions for patients suffering from APAP-induced liver injury.