Recent advances in 4D-printed bioelectronics: materials, structural design, fabrication, and applications

shape transformation and modulus adaptation, establishing a new paradigm for adaptive, high-fidelity biointerfaces. This review systematically examines recent advancements in 4D-printed bioelectronics. We first evaluate how smart materials-including hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), and shape memory polymers (SMPs)-synergize with structural concepts such as auxetic lattices and kirigami/origami geometries to achieve dynamic compliance. Subsequently, we list advanced additive manufacturing strategies, particularly vat photopolymerization and direct ink writing (DIW) as well as hybrid printing strategies, which ensure high-precision fabrication. Furthermore, we highlight transformative biomedical applications, including neural interfaces, wearable devices, soft robotics, and implantable therapeutic devices. Finally, we discuss future directions for 4D-printed bioelectronic devices, focusing on the long-term stability of bioelectronic signal transduction, the integration of multifunctionality, bidirectional bioelectronic modulation, manufacturing scalability and standardization, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven design and predictive modeling.