Nanomaterials in Energy Storage and Sensing: A Comprehensive Review

Nanomaterials have transformed energy storage and sensing, providing innovative answers to fundamental scientific and technical difficulties due to their distinctive physical and chemical features. This review offers a comprehensive and current synthesis of advancements in the design, synthesis, and integration of nanomaterials for energy storage systems and other sensing platforms. The discourse encompasses essential categories and attributes of nanomaterials. It underscores their contribution to improving electrochemical performance in batteries and supercapacitors. It also examines their facilitating role in chemical, biosensing, and physical sensor technologies. An analysis of significant accomplishments in hybrid materials, multifunctional device architectures, and data-driven smart sensor systems is presented. Ongoing difficulties in scalability, enduring stability, and practical application are examined. Recent breakthroughs, including two-dimensional materials, nano-hybrids, and AI-integrated sensor networks, are emphasized, providing essential insights for future study and practical application. The analysis closes by pinpointing significant knowledge deficiencies and delineating prospective avenues for interdisciplinary advancement in nanomaterial-based energy and sensor technologies [1]-[3].