Fabrication of water-in-oil high internal phase emulsions containing astringent compounds for enhanced oral sensation

hydrogen bonding. Tribological tests showed that saliva-mixed HIPEs had only a slightly elevated friction coefficient, as the oil phase provided viscous lubrication that limited lubrication loss. Sensory evaluation confirmed effective astringency masking (astringency score <4) and improved flavor with added RRTJ, together with good spreadability. These findings demonstrated that W/O HIPEs can successfully reduce astringency and show potential for use in nutritious, fruit-enriched spreads.